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Thailand is one of the world’s few economic development success stories in the last 40 years, having risen from low-income to upper-middle-income status in less than a generation. Despite the passing of the long-ruling and deeply revered King Bhumibol Adulyadej in 2016 and ensuing political uncertainty, Thailand’s GDP grew 3.9% in 2017 – the fastest growth rate in 5 years. Abundant natural resources, a skilled labour force, openness to trade and a well-defined investment policy framework are factors that make Thailand an attractive investment destination.

Notwithstanding its impressive growth trajectory, the high Gini coefficient of 0.465 is a testament to entrenched income inequality in Thailand. Over 80% of the 7 million poor live in rural areas while another 6.7 million are vulnerable to falling back into poverty. Thailand’s rapidly ageing population and increasing environmental degradation are other key development challenges.

Thailand’s social economy is relatively nascent but well supported by the government with a rich tradition of religious giving and an active corporate sector. Giving is ingrained in the Thai culture and charitable donations, though ad hoc and sporadic, are considerable. The corporate sector has been proactive in meeting environmental, social and governance (ESG) standards. However, the impact investment volume in Thailand still trails behind neighbouring Southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam and Cambodia. The Social Enterprises Promotion Act, passed in February 2019, reaffirms the country’s commitment to the social economy.

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Thailand’s 2018 Fact File

World Giving Index Rank

2017
16 37 in 2016
  • 68%giving money
  • 19%volunteering time
  • 51%helping a stranger

Population

2017
69 million

GDP (PPP)

2017
USD 1,234 billion World Rank 19

GDP Growth

2017
3.9%

Per capita GDP (PPP)

2017
USD 17,872 World Rank 76

Number of Millionaires

2017
30,000

Poverty

2016
8.6%

Global Competitiveness Index

2017-2018
32/137 Global Competitiveness Rank (2016-2017) - 34/138

Ease of Doing Business Rank

2019
27/190 Ease of Doing Business Rank (2018) - 27/190

Source: : ADB, Charities Aid Foundation, Credit Suisse, World Economic Forum, World Bank. Figures are accurate as of March 2019

SDG Dashboard

Thailand achieved nearly all of the Millennium Development Goals by their 2015 target deadline. As the economy has grown, more children are receiving more years of education, and almost everyone is covered by health insurance while other forms of social security have expanded. Gaps, however, still remain in rural poverty, sustainable agriculture, and environmental protection. One of the key frameworks used to evaluate sustainable development has been the Sufficiency Economy Philosophy (SEP), developed by the late King Bhumibol Adulyadej. By promoting a people-centred approach to sustainable development, SEP provides a cultural touchstone in integrating and harmonising the SDG framework with national goals.

Thailand’s recent national strategies, namely Thailand 4.0 (launched in 2016), the 12th National Economic and Social Development Plan 2017-2021, and the 20-year National Strategy 2018-2037, focus on improving economic competitiveness, equal economic opportunities, skill upgrading, environmental sustainability and effective public governance as ways to propel the country into the high-income group. Thailand 4.0 and the 20-year National Strategy are
long-term strategies to transform Thailand into a developed country and refocus the economic model to be more holistic.

The 4 objectives of Thailand 4.0 are:

  • Economic prosperity: Increasing national per capita income to USD 15,000 by 2032
  • Human values: Raising Thailand’s human development index to 0.8 or among the top 50 countries by 2026
  • Social well-being: Reducing the Gini coefficient to 0.36 by 2032 and developing at least 20,000 “smart farmer” households by 2021
  • Environmental protection: Developing at least 10 cities into the world’s most liveable cities.
  • No Poverty
  • Zero Hunger
  • Good Health and Well-Being
  • Quality Education
  • Gender Equality
  • Clean Water and Sanitation
  • Affordable and Clean Energy
  • Decent Work and Economic Growth
  • Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
  • Reduced Inequalities
  • Sustainable Cities and Communities
  • Responsible Consumption and Production
  • Climate Action
  • Life Below Water
  • Life On Land
  • Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
  • Partnerships for the Goals

Source: sdgindex.org (2018)

Note: The "traffic light" colour scheme (green,yellow, orange, red) illustrates how far a market is from achieving a particular goal

Government Initiatives to Address Development Gaps

Impact Area SDG Goals Gap Government Initiatives
Agriculture
SDG Goals
  • No Poverty
  • Zero Hunger
  • Decent Work and Economic Growth
Gap
  • In 2016, 32% of the national workforce worked in agriculture but primary production contributed only 10.5% to GDP.
Government Initiatives
  • Thailand 4.0 focuses on producing premium quality agri-produce with environmentally friendly biotechnology.
  • The 12th National Economic and Social Development Plan encourages the establishment of farmer cooperatives to achieve economies of scale, decrease underemployment and promote the use of technology and risk management.
Climate action
SDG Goals
  • Climate Action
  • Life Below Water
  • Life On Land
Gap
  • The 2017 World Risk Report by the Institute for Environment and Human Security places Thailand in the medium category, with a rank of 91 out of 171 countries.
Government Initiatives
  • The 12th National Economic and Social Development Plan aims to increase Thailand’s forest area to 40% of the country’s total area and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the energy and transport sectors by at least 7% by the year 2020.
  • The government is formulating a National Strategy on Action for Climate Empowerment in order to educate, train, raise awareness and encourage public engagement in climate change issues.
Education and employability
SDG Goals
  • Quality Education
Gap
  • According to UNESCO’s 2017/18 Global Education Monitoring Report:
    • 12% of Thai students did not achieve the minimum proficiency level in mathematics at the end of primary education
    • 50% and 54% were not proficient in reading and mathematics, respectively, at the end of lower secondary education.
Government Initiatives
  • The government seeks to equip the workforce with 21st century skills, improve the education system to meet international standards and promote lifelong continuous learning.
  • The Office of Basic Education Commission created an Equitable Education Fund in December 2018 with THB 1.6 billion (USD 50 million), which will provide additional financial support for 600,000 very poor students and reduce educational disparities.
Energy access
SDG Goals
  • Affordable and Clean Energy
Gap
  • More than half of Thailand’s energy supply is imported. Rising energy demand might cause the country’s oil and gas resources to deplete within the next decade.
Government Initiatives
  • The Alternative Energy Development Plan 2015 set a renewable energy target of 30% of total final energy consumption by 2036.
Health care
SDG Goals
  • Good Health and Well-Being
Gap
  • Thailand is among the top 30 countries in the world that carry the highest burden of tuberculosis.
  • The number of Thai people diagnosed with non-communicable diseases, the country’s leading cause of death, has been rising 12% each year.
Government Initiatives
  • The government launched the Primary Care Cluster scheme in late 2016, commonly known as the “family doctor programme”. It strives to ensure the bottom 40% have better access to public health services, especially in remote areas.
MSME development
SDG Goals
  • Decent Work and Economic Growth
  • Sustainable Cities and Communities
Gap
  • MSMEs account for 99.7% of all enterprises but contribute only 42% of GDP and 29% of total exports.
Government Initiatives
  • The government has allocated THB 3.8 billion (USD 121 million) to a pilot programme to increase MSMEs’ contribution to GDP by 10% by 2023.
  • The Ministry of Commerce also plans to develop a national e-commerce platform to support MSMEs.
Poverty alleviation
SDG Goals
  • No Poverty
Gap
  • Over 80% of Thailand’s 7 million poor live in rural areas while another 6.7 million are vulnerable to falling back into poverty.
Government Initiatives
  • The 12th National Economic and Social Development Plan aims to enhance equal opportunities for the bottom 40% and raise their incomes by at least 15%. Measures include provision of quality education and health care services to disadvantaged groups in remote areas, allocation of land to poor landless farmers and skills training.
  • In February 2018, the government launched the THB 150 billion (USD 4.7 billion) Thai Niyom Yangyuen, or Sustainable Thainess programme, to promote sustainable development and poverty alleviation.
Social protection
SDG Goals
  • Reduced Inequalities
Gap
  • The senior population in Thailand is projected to reach 12 million or 20% of the total population by 2021, and 17 million, or 25% of the population, by 2040.
Government Initiatives
  • The Old Age Allowance policy provides a monthly allowance of up to THB 1,000 (USD 32) for seniors of 60 years and above.

Social Economy

Thailand’s social economy is relatively nascent but well-supported by the government, a rich tradition of religious giving and a proactive corporate sector

Category Factor Rating Description
SPOs
Factor
Presence, size, and maturity of SEs 		half
  • There are more than 13,000 NPOs and 80,000 cooperatives. 2,000-3,000 community-based organisations and another 1,000 foundations and NPOs operate as SEs.
  • As of 2018, 400 SEs were formally registered.
SPOs
Factor
SEs' sectoral presence 		three-quarter
  • SEs are active in a range of areas including education and employability, food and agriculture, and health care.
Investors
Factor
Philanthropic contributions 		half
  • Thailand has been routinely ranked in the top 20 most charitable countries in the CAF World Giving Index.
  • Private philanthropy efforts are often carried out on an ad hoc basis through small family foundations.
Investors
Factor
Managed funds 		half
  • The impact investing market has been dominated by DFIs. Impact investor presence and private impact investment volume remain low compared to neighbouring countries.
Investors
Factor
Corporate sector 		three-quarter
  • Local conglomerates lead in strategic and collaborative CSR.
  • Thailand has continuously outperformed neighbouring states in terms of the number of firms featured in the Dow Jones Sustainability Indices.
Enablers and Intermediaries
Factor
Policy environment 		half
  • Thailand has taken a legislative approach to fostering its social economy.
  • A formal definition of social enterprise and tax incentives for SEs are set out in the 2011 Regulations for National Promotion of Social Enterprises and the 2016 Royal Decree on Tax Exemption.
  • The Social Enterprises Promotion Act was passed in February 2019.
Enablers and Intermediaries
Factor
Incubators, accelerators, and capacity-builders 		three-quarter
  • ChangeFusion and its investment arm, ChangeVentures, UnLtd Thailand, Banpu Public Company Limited, NISE Corp, Thaipat Institute, TYPN are leading incubators, accelerators and capacity builders for SEs.
Enablers and Intermediaries
Factor
Networks and platforms 		three-quarter
  • The SET, the Thailand Business Council for Sustainable Development, and TYPN, NISE Corp and AVPN provide platforms to connect different sectors towards social impact.
Enablers and Intermediaries
Factor
Knowledge and research 		half
  • ChangeFusion and TDRI have published studies on the Thai social economy.
  • Thammasat University and North Chiang Mai University run social entrepreneurship programmes.
Enablers and Intermediaries
Factor
Partnerships 		half
  • Public-private partnerships and multi-sectoral collaborations are widely promoted by corporate foundations, the SET, companies and local intermediaries.

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Demand & Supply of Capital in Thailand

Note: Data is based on AVPN's analysis. If there are any inconsistencies or errors in the information listed, please let us know at knowledge@avpn.asia

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